[FIX] payment_stripe: avoid internal error

In case the Stripe API call fails, an Internal Server Error page is
displayed to the user, which is not user friendly.

opw-2126196

closes odoo/odoo#40678

X-original-commit: 95a452f6d928de2e8532027893a353167ffdd389
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Martinelli (nim) <nim@odoo.com>

addons/payment_stripe/models/payment.py

@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@ class PaymentAcquirerStripe(models.Model):
                           "Request data:\n%s\n"
                           "Response body:\n%s",
                           url, pprint.pformat(data), resp.text)
-            raise
         return resp.json()
 
     def _create_stripe_session(self, kwargs):